[Which place has experimentation in ethology?] / Quelle place pour l'expérimentation en éthologie ?

The experimental approach has been at the center of my thoughts since my baccalaureate of "experimental sciences". Trained in neurosciences, I very quickly chose the field of ethology, thinking I would escape certain experimental approaches and offer myself research more respectful of animal life. Today, I have to note that this option did not necessarily lead to what I had imagined. I have been both the witness and the actor of practices that deserve attention. This path, punctuated by an evolution of the conceptions of our relations with living beings, leads me to question the ethics, sometimes contradictory, of action and knowledge.

Title: Quelle place pour l'expérimentation en éthologie ? Abstract: La démarche expérimentale est au centre de mes réflexions depuis mon baccalauréat « sciences ex ¼. Formé aux neurosciences, j'ai très vite choisi l'éthologie de terrain, pensant échapper à certaines démarches expérimentales et m'offrir des activités de recherche plus respectueuses de la vie animale. Aujourd'hui, je dois constater que cette option n'aboutit pas forcément à ce que j'avais imaginé. J'ai été à la fois le témoin et l'acteur de pratiques qui méritent attention. Ce parcours, jalonné par une évolution des conceptions de nos relations avec les être animés, me conduit à questionner les éthiques, parfois contradictoires, de l'action et de la connaissance.

[Evolution of tutoring in an orthopaedic surgery department: feedback]. / Évolution du tutorat dans un service de chirurgie orthopédique : retour d'expérience.

Tutoring involves a commitment on the part of tutors to welcoming, teaching and supporting student nurses. Tutoring plays a central role in our orthopedic surgery department, and we make it a priority. Its operation evolves according to needs, changes in tutors, student levels and the expectations of the nursing training institute. Our constant commitment to tutoring reflects our awareness of the need to support our future colleagues. Drawing on our various backgrounds and experiences, we felt it necessary to review the way we supervise ISTs and carry out our role as tutors.

[Correlation between Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCE) and knowledge examination scores and analysis of factors associated with better OSCE success in fourth and fifth year medicine students at Dijon university hospital]. / Corrélation entre les notes obtenues aux ECOS et aux épreuves de connaissances et analyse des facteurs associés à une meilleure réussite aux ECOS chez les étudiants de DFASM1 et 2 au CHU de Dijon.

RATIONALE: Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) were introduced to evaluate students not only on their knowledge, but also on their clinical skills and attitudes. The objectives were to study the correlation between OSCE scores and scores obtained to traditional knowledge examinations and to analyse factors associated with better OSCE performance in DFASM1 and 2 students at Dijon university hospital. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study conducted among all fourth and fifth year medical students in Dijon. The scores on the OSCE elective tests (2022) and the average score on the knowledge tests (2021-2022) were collected and their correlation measured. A questionnaire asked students about their demographic characteristics, their investment in formative and practicum OSCEs, their level of empathy (Jefferson questionnaire) and their personality traits (NEO-Pi-R). RESULTS: Of 549 students, 513 completed all tests. Scores on OSCE and faculty knowledge tests were correlated (r=0.39, P<0.001). Of these, 111 (20%) students responded to the questionnaire, and 97 were analized. We did not observe any significant difference between students who performed better on OSCEs than on knowledge tests and those who did not, regarding their age, their investment in formative tests, their personality traits or their level of empathy. CONCLUSION: Our results underline the need to optimize the evaluation of empathy and clinical skills in OSCE tests, using new tools, in order to better discriminate between students on these skills.

Enforced Disappearances and Torture Today: A View from Analytical Psychology 2. Torture Survivors and the Unthinkable: A Hyper-Present Body in the Therapeutic Process: 2. Torture Survivors and the Unthinkable: A Hyper-Present Body in the Therapeutic Process1.

In very rare cases, individuals survive the atrocities of abduction, imprisonment and torture that are part of the hallmark of enforced disappearances. Cases of people who survive torture and seek asylum in a third country help us understand some important aspects related to the crime of enforced disappearance. In the psychotherapy of torture survivors, at an early stage and for a long time, words often do not convey the core of the patient's experience. Survivors usually have tormented bodies in which individual and collective violence, hatred, anger, guilt and shame are painfully inscribed. Corporeal countertransference becomes the only possible way for a therapist to get in touch with a survivor's experience through a kind of body-to-body communication. The centrality of the body in these therapies suggests that the body is the involuntary recipient and container of mass political atrocities and, for this reason, the place where, in the case of horrific social violence, the possibility of social "knowing" is stored and can be retrieved. Thus, when it comes to forced disappearance, the determination of the relatives to get to the truth through the discovery of the remains of their disappeared demonstrates the importance of the body as the final witness of what happened, beyond any possible manipulation.

Dans de très rares cas, des personnes survivent aux atrocités de l'enlèvement, de l'emprisonnement et de la torture qui caractérisent les disparitions forcées. Les cas de personnes qui survivent à la torture et demandent l'asile dans un pays tiers nous aident à comprendre certains aspects importants liés au crime de disparition forcée. Dans la psychothérapie des survivants de la torture, à un stade précoce et pendant longtemps, les mots ne transmettent souvent pas le cœur de l'expérience du patient. Les survivants ont généralement des corps tourmentés dans lesquels la violence individuelle et collective, la haine, la colère, le sentiment de culpabilité et la honte sont douloureusement inscrites. Le contre-transfert corporel devient le seul moyen possible pour un thérapeute d'entrer en contact avec l'expérience d'un survivant par une sorte de communication de corps à corps. La centralité du corps dans ces thérapies suggère que le corps est le destinataire involontaire et le conteneur des atrocités politiques de masse et, pour cette raison, le lieu où, dans le cas d'une violence sociale horrible, la possibilité d'un "savoir" social est stockée et peut être récupérée. Ainsi, lorsqu'il s'agit de disparitions forcées, la détermination des des membres de la famille à accéder à la vérité en retrouvant les restes de la personne disparue montre l'importance du corps en tant que dernier témoin de ce qui a eu lieu, au-delà de toute manipulation.

En casos muy raros, las personas sobreviven a las atrocidades del secuestro, el encarcelamiento y la tortura que forman parte del sello distintivo de las desapariciones forzadas. Los casos de personas que sobreviven a la tortura y buscan asilo en un tercer país nos ayudan a comprender algunos aspectos importantes relacionados con el delito de desaparición forzada. En la psicoterapia de supervivientes de tortura, en una fase temprana y durante mucho tiempo, las palabras no suelen transmitir el núcleo de la experiencia del paciente. Los supervivientes suelen tener cuerpos atormentados en los que se inscriben dolorosamente la violencia individual y colectiva, el odio, la ira, el sentimiento de culpa y la vergüenza. La contratransferencia corporal se convierte en la única vía posible para que un terapeuta entre en contacto con la experiencia de un superviviente a través de una especie de comunicación cuerpo a cuerpo. La centralidad del cuerpo en estas terapias sugiere que el cuerpo es el receptor involuntario y el contenedor de las atrocidades políticas masivas y, por esta razón, el lugar donde, en el caso de la violencia social horrorosa, se almacena y puede recuperarse la posibilidad del "conocimiento" social. Así, cuando se trata de desapariciones forzadas, la determinación de los familiares por llegar a la verdad a través del hallazgo de los restos de sus desaparecidos demuestra la importancia del cuerpo como testigo final de lo sucedido, más allá de cualquier posible manipulación.

[The operating room, a place of training with multiple benefits for future professionals]. / Le bloc opératoire, un lieu de stage aux multiples bénéfices pour les futurs professionnels.

The importance of internships, as part of the alternating training of nursing students, is no longer in question. Thus, to obtain their diploma, out of the 180 European credits expected, 60 come from these placements. Although very specific and not very much involved in the training of students in initial training, an internship in the operating room is very instructive and contributes to the development of multiple nursing knowledge and skills.

[Borderline personality disorder: state of knowledge and attitudes among french-speaking mental health professionnals]. / Trouble de la personnalité borderline: état des connaissances et des représentations auprès de praticiens francophones en santé mentale.

OBJECTIVES: Patients suffering from borderline personality disorder are very prevalent in various settings (emergency rooms, psychiatric and general hospitals, ambulatory consultations). However, it remains one of the most stigmatized and neglected mental health conditions, albeit being an area that is responsible for very interesting advances in psychotherapy. Today, the prognosis of patients with borderline personality disorder is rather favorable, provided that they follow a dedicated psychotherapy. Conceptions about this condition therefore deserve to be updated as it is sufficiently described in the literature that negative attitudes towards these patients diminish the quality of care they receive as well as their prognosis, and that these attitudes change with training. We decided to study the state of knowledge and attitudes towards borderline personality disorder in a group of French-speaking caregivers interested in these patients. METHODS: Between 2019 and 2020, at the start of training sessions in psychotherapeutic approaches to borderline personality disorder, we provided two questionnaires to 126 caregivers from various professional backgrounds (psychiatrists or child psychiatrists, psychologists, mental health nurses, social workers). The first consisted of 13 questions with 3 choice answers aimed at testing knowledge about borderline personality disorder and the second of 11 questions in the form of a Likert scale aimed at evaluating attitudes towards these patients (e.g. degree of comfort, involvement, hope, avoidance with these patients) adapted frome a questionnaire of Blake and colleagues. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 126 caregivers (69 psychiatrists/pedopsychiatrists; 19 mental health nurses; 23 psychologists; 14 social workers). Fifty three of them (42.06 %) worked in an outpatient setting (either in a state facility or in private practice), 50 (39.68 %) worked in an inpatient psychiatric unit, 13 (10.32%) in both care systems, and 10 (7.94 %) worked in other facilities such as sheltered homes or workshops for persons with psychiatric disabilities. The average number of years in postgraduate training was 7.73 (SD=5.67; rank=0 to 31), and 35 (27.78%) had received at least one training course on borderline disorder in the past. The mean age of the sample was 37.89 (SD=10.08; rank=20 to 64) and there were 76 women (60.32%) and 50 men (39.68%). Concerning the first questionnaire (knowledge), the rate of correct responses among caregivers was relatively low (54%) considering that the vast majority of those assessed were caregivers already trained in mental health who were working with patients suffering from borderline personality disorder. The results showed a significant knowledge gap among professionals, in particular in the nursing profession, illustrating an ever more flagrant shortfall in formations in this sub-population. Concerning the second questionnaire (attitudes), the answers showed that attitudes of caregivers towards patients with borderline personality disorder were still tinged with fear and lack of confidence in taking charge of them. Thus, one participant out of five would have liked to avoid these patients, more than 12% of caregivers did not appreciate them, and 23% thought that they were manipulative. In addition, nearly half of the caregivers surveyed had low confidence in their ability to make a positive difference in the lives of borderline patients. However, there was a recognition of their distress as well as a demand for dedicated training. CONCLUSIONS: Stigmas and ignorance persist around patients with borderline personality disorder. Current training courses do not allow caregivers who are on the front lines (in particular nurses) and who wish to be trained to acquire sufficient knowledge and tools necessary for the care of patients suffering from this disorder. This calls for an improvement in training as well as a reflection on the most appropriate approaches possible to the various target audiences.

[State of knowledge on sleep apnea syndrome, attitudes and practices of doctors in Niamey, Niger]. / État des lieux des connaissances, attitudes et pratiques des médecins de Niamey sur le syndrome d'apnées obstructives du sommeil.

RATIONALE: Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is a public health problem. In African countries, it is an underdiagnosed pathology. Our objective was to assess SAS knowledge, attitudes and practices among doctors in Niamey, Niger. METHOD: A 6-month descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from December 1, 2018 to May 31, 2019, involving 307 doctors working in health facilities in Niamey. RESULTS: Two hundred and seventy-two doctors (88.59%) responded, of whom 51.47% (n=140) were medical specialists, 32.35% (n=88) general practitioners and 16.18% (n=44) specialist doctors. Their level of knowledge was insufficient or fair in 77.94% (n=212) and 16.91% (n=46) of cases respectively. Their main source of information was the education they had received during university courses (61.03% [n=166]). The most commonly cited types of SAS were obstructive in 66.18% (n=180) of their responses and central in 30.15% (n=82). For adults, the main perceived risk factor for SAS was obesity (79.41% [n=216]) and among children, enlarged tonsils (68.75% [n=187]). For the most part, they were not familiar with the scale for assessing degree of daytime sleepiness (87.13% [n=237]) or with the baseline diagnostic examination for SAS (75.40% [n=205]). More than ¾ (n=221 or 81.25%) of the doctors never mentioned SAS to their patients and 59.93% (n=163) and 56.99% (n=155) of them referred a suspected case of SAS to an ENT specialist or a pulmonologist, respectively. Almost all of the doctors (94.85% [n=258]) wished to receive training on SAS. CONCLUSION: In a majority of cases, level of relevant knowledge was insufficient. Doctors need training on sleep apnea syndrome.

Evaluation des connaissances théoriques des étudiants en médecine sur les gestes de premiers secours en République Démocratique du Congo: Theoretical knowledge assessment of medical students on first aid in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Introduction: The Democratic Republic of Congo regularly faces several health emergencies. The presence of medical doctors in the first line of the response is a spontaneous phenomenon. Gaps in first aid knowledge have been identified in the population; hence the need for training. Medical students could play a crucial role in this context. This study assesses the theoretical knowledge of first aid among them. Methods: Our study is descriptive and transversal. It was conducted from June 01 to August 30, 2021 in the Faculty of Medicine of the Catholic University of Graben. Our sample consisted of 279 students. Data collection was done through a survey questionnaire covering various aspects of first aid. Data were processed using Epi Info software. The chi-square test was used to estimate the association of variables with knowledge and a p-value <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: No participant demonstrated a satisfactory level of theoretical knowledge of first aid while 38.7% and 61.3% demonstrated an intermediate and low level respectively. A positive association was noted between the study level, a previous training in first aid and the level of knowledge. The media is the main source of information. Nearly half of the students said they had never taken a rescue action because of lack of knowledge (47.7%). The vast majority (98%) had a positive attitude regarding the introduction of first aid in school's curriculum. Conclusion: Our study showed a poor level of first aid knowledge among medical students, but a great willingness to learn. There is a great need to incorporate first aid trainings in all training curricula in the DRC.

Introduction: La République Démocratique du Congo fait régulièrement face à plusieurs urgences sanitaires. La présence des médecins en première ligne dans la riposte y est un phénomène spontané. Des lacunes ont été identifiées dans la connaissance des premiers secours au sein de la population; d'où la nécessité de formation. Les étudiants en médecine y joueraient un rôle crucial. Cette étude évalue les connaissances théoriques en premiers secours chez ceux-ci. Méthodologie: Notre étude est de type descriptif et transversal. Elle a été conduite du 01 Juin au 30 Août 2021 à la Faculté de médecine de l'Université Catholique du Graben. Notre échantillon était constitué de 279 étudiants. La collecte des données a été faite par un questionnaire d'enquête couvrant divers aspects des premiers secours. Les données ont été traitées par le logiciel Epi Info version 3.4.5. Résultats: Aucun participant n'a démontré un niveau satisfaisant de connaissances théoriques en premiers secours tandis que 38,7% et 61,3 % ont démontré un niveau intermédiaire et bas respectivement. Une corrélation positive a été notée entre la promotion d'étude, une formation antérieure en premiers secours et le niveau de connaissance. Le média est la principale source d'information. Près de la moitié des étudiants ont affirmé n'avoir jamais posé un geste de premier secours à cause du manque de connaissance (47,7%). La quasi-totalité a montré une attitude positive en rapport avec l'introduction d'une formation en premiers secours en milieu universitaire. Conclusion: Cette étude a démontré un faible niveau de connaissances des gestes de premiers secours parmi les étudiants en médicine, mais une volonté d'apprendre. Il y a nécessité d'intégrer la formation en gestes de premiers secours dans tous les curriculums de l'enseignement en RDC.

[An initial lack of knowledge of the perineal anatomy does not influence the learning of intermittent self-catheterization in women]. / La méconnaissance initiale de l'anatomie périnéale n'influence pas l'apprentissage de l'auto-sondage intermittent chez la femme.

AIM: To evaluate the impact of female perineal anatomy knowledge on the success of a first learning of intermittent self-catheterization (ISC). METHODS: Thirty subjects benefited from educational diagnosis, training and follow-up during 2 visits in a neuro-urology department. Three knowledge anatomical tests were carried out: a freehand drawing, then a diagram to be annotated and a self-location of the following 6 structures (labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethral meatus, vaginal orifice, anus) as well as a physiological knowledge test. A correction was made after annotating the diagram to perfect the learning process before performing the procedure. RESULTS: Of the women studied, 83.3% had a neurological pathology and 77.7% had a gyneco-obstetrical history. Half of them had undergone perineal rehabilitation. Our study shows a lack of knowledge of the perineum prior to learning self-catheterization: 43.3% thought they knew it partially and 46.7% reported that they did not know it. Fifty-three percent of the subjects did not indicate the urethral meatus and 43.3% did not annotate the vaginal orifice on the diagram. Difficulties in anatomical transposition were observed: the urethral meatus was self-located in only 43.3% of subjects and 30% did not locate the vaginal orifice. Previous perineal rehabilitation was not benefical in the self-recognition of anatomical structures. However, all the patients, including those who did not initially locate the urethral meatus, acquired the technique of ISC. CONCLUSION: Intial perineal anatomy ignorance in women was frequent but was not an obstacle to learning ISC. LEVEL OF PROOF: 4.

[Long-term nursing care of the adult sickle cell patient]. / Accompagnement infirmier au long cours du patient drépanocytaire adulte.

Sickle cell disease is a genetic and chronic disease that requires multidisciplinary care. This requires investment on the part of both the patient and the entire health care team. In most cases, the sickle cell patient is diagnosed about two months after birth. The care pathway for adults is a continuation of the work done in paediatrics. The chronic nature of the disease means that patients are regularly admitted to hospital, which has an impact on their personal and professional lives. Appropriate nursing support helps to improve their daily lives.

Impact of a training intervention on knowledge and practices of health-care workers about reprocessing reusable medical devices in a South-Tunisian University Hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Reprocessing of reusable medical devices (RMD) play an important role in the prevention of health-care associated infections. In this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of a training program intervention on health-care workers' (HCWs) knowledge and hospital practices about the reprocessing of RMD as a main strategic axis of infection control. METHOD: We led a pre-post quasi-experimental study to evaluate knowledge of HCWs and to assess hospital practices in reprocessing RMD before and after a training intervention from May to November 2020 in Hedi Chaker University Hospital. A self-administrated questionnaire was distributed for each participant to assess knowledge. To evaluate practical skills, an audit grid was used. RESULTS: Overall, 30 participants were included. All HCWs had a fair level of knowledge before training. The knowledge score (KS) has significantly risen from pre to post-training (64/100 vs. 80/100; P<0.001). When stratified by RMD type, a significant increase was noted on post intervention in KS about thermo-sensitive RMD reprocessing (P=0.044) and sterilization of thermo-resistant RMD (P=0.004). As for practice assessment, 5 (62.5%) departments had a fair level of practice. The conformity score (CS) did not significantly change from baseline to post-follow-up (53.5 vs. 56.2; P=0.06). According to the audit sections, we did not find a significant change in the pre- and post-intervention CS in sterilization process (70 vs. 80; P=0.06) and in the cleaning and decontamination steps (66.7 vs. 67; P=0.18). CONCLUSION: As opposed to practical skills, positive impact of the training intervention on HCWs knowledge was noted, which underlined the gap between theory and practice.

[Benefits of group pelvic floor education sessions: satisfaction and improvement of women's knowledge]. / Intérêt de sessions d'éducation périnéale en groupe : satisfaction et amélioration des connaissances des femmes.

INTRODUCTION: Pelvic floor dysfunctions are an important health-care issue however there are no primary prevention programs for perineal health. This study aims to evaluate the impact of perineal education group sessions on women's urinary and digestive behaviors and their satisfaction with these sessions. MATERIAL: Perineal education sessions were proposed to women working in a gynecology department. Each session covered perineal physiology and anatomy, urinary and digestive physiology as well as risk situations for the pelvic floor. At the beginning and end of the sessions, participants completed a questionnaire on their knowledge about the pelvic floor and questions concerning their satisfaction were asked at the end of the session. A 2-month questionnaire assessed changes in urinary and digestive habits as well as the dissemination of information. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-three women, average age 38, participated in these sessions; 107 responded at 2 months. The education sessions significantly improved pelvic floor fonctions knowledge. After the sessions, 81.3% of women reported changing their urinary habits and 60.7% their defecatory habits. Participants found the sessions very useful (rating 9.7/10), all participants recommended these sessions to a friend and the dissemination of the information was important. CONCLUSION: Perineal education sessions improve women's knowledge and limit risky behaviors for the pelvic floor. The satisfaction of women who received information is important and the dissemination of information strong. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

[Moroccan pharmacy students' knowledge and perceptions about pharmacovigilance]. / Connaissances et perception de la pharmacovigilance par les futurs pharmaciens marocains.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of an educational work groups on the knowledge and perception of 2nd year pharmacist students towards pharmacovigilance in a moroccan faculty of medicine and pharmacy. METHOD: A descriptive study conducted in pharmacology laboratory of the faculty of medicine and pharmacy of Rabat on 2nd year pharmacist students, to assess their knowledge and perception towards PV via questionnaire before and after an educational work groups. RESULTS: Among the 122 invited students, 108 responded to the questionnaire distributed before working group with a participation rate of 88,5 %. This rate increased to 95,9 % (n=117) after work groups sessions. Pre-work groups, students showed an overall low knowledge, where only 27.7 % knew the ADRs reporting sheet. In addition, most students were not well prepared to report ADR in their future practice (n=82, 75.92 %). Work groups partially offsetting this deficit, and helped to better explain to the students the reporting system. Resulting in only 28 participants maintained their declaration of inability to report ADR in their future practice (25.92 %). On the other hand, students showed a favorable perception. CONCLUSION: In this study, students expressed the desire to learn more about PV during their university education. This result led to the introduction of a system of PV working groups for 3rd and 4th year pharmacy students for the 2018-2019 academic year.

Um caso de oligotimia na clínica psicopedagógica = um caso de distúrbio identificatório na clínica psicopedagógica / Un caso de trastorno de identificación en la clínica psicopedagógica / A case of identification disorder in the psychopedagogical clinic / Un cas de trouble d'identification dans la clinique psychopédagogique

Sob o império das neurociências, das terapias comportamentais e da medicalização na infância, a clínica dos distúrbios de aprendizagem inaugurada por Sara Pain está em desuso. A compreensão da função da ignorância na articulação do triângulo pai-mãe-filho e os significantes que a representam não encontram mais eco nos cursos de formação em psicopedagogia. O presente artigo apresenta o estudo de caso deum adolescente com problemas de aprendizagem e graves impasses na sua constituição subjetiva que revisita, justamente, aquele saber fazer psicopedagógico a meio caminho entre o conhecimento e o desejo. Indiretamente, denuncia a falácia do discurso da inclusão escolar disseminado na escola, que, ao desconhecer a dimensão do inconsciente, dificulta ao educando assumir outra posição subjetiva que não a de "deficiente"

Bajo el imperio de las neurociencias, las terapias conductuales y la medicalización en la infancia, la clínica de trastornos del aprendizaje inaugurada por Sara Pain está en desuso. La comprensión del papel de la ignorancia en la articulación del triángulo padre-madre-hijo y los significantes que la representan ya no encuentra eco en los cursos de capacitación en psicopedagogía. Este artículo presenta el caso de estudio de un adolescente con problemas de aprendizaje y graves impases en su constitución subjetiva que revisa, precisamente, ese saber hacer psicopedagógico a medio camino entre el conocimiento y el deseo. Indirectamente, denuncia la falacia del discurso de inclusión escolar difundido en la escuela que, al ignorar la dimensión del inconsciente, dificulta que el alumno asuma otra posición subjetiva que la de "discapacitado"

Under the empire of neuroscience, behavioral therapies, and medicalization in childhood, the learning disorders clinic inaugurated by Sara Pain is in disuse. The understanding of the role of ignorance in the articulation of the father-mother-child triangle and the signifiers that represent it no longer find an echo in training courses in psychopedagogy. This article presents the case study of an adolescent with learning problems and serious impasses in his subjective constitution that revisits, precisely, that psycho-pedagogical know-how halfway between knowledge and desire. Indirectly, it denounces the fallacy of the discourse of school inclusion disseminated at school, which, by ignoring the dimension of the unconscious, makes it difficult for the student to assume another subjective position than that of "disabled"

Sous l'empire des neurosciences, des thérapies comportementales et de la médicalisation de l'enfance, la clinique des troubles d ́apprentissage inaugurée par Sara Pain est en désuétude. La compréhension du rôle de l'ignorance dans l'articulation du triangle père-mère-enfant et des signifiants qui le représentent ne trouvent plus d'écho dans les formations en psychopédagogie. Cet article présente l'étude de cas d'un adolescent en difficulté d'apprentissage et en graves impasses dans sa constitution subjective qui revisite, justement, ce savoir-faire psychopédagogique à mi-chemin entre la connaissance et le désir. Indirectement, il dénonce l'erreur du discours de l'inclusion scolaire diffusé à l'école, qui, en ignorant la dimension de l'inconscient, rend difficile pour le élève d'assumer une autre position subjective que celle de «handicapé¼

Connaissances et consommation des boissons énergisantes par des professionnels et des amateurs du football algérien / Knowledge and consumption of energy drinks by professionals and amateurs of algerian football

Introduction et objectif : Les boissons énergisantes (BE) sont de plus en plus populaires en Algérie ainsi qu'ailleurs dans le monde. Elles sont particulièrement consommées par les sportifs qui les confondent souvent avec les boissons énergétiques. Le présent travail vise à évaluer les connaissances et les habitudes de consommation des BE en milieu footballistique. Méthodes : il s'agit d'une étude transversale à visée descriptive via un questionnaire auprès des professionnels et des amateurs du football du moment où ce dernier occupe une place prééminente par rapport à d'autres sports. Les données ont été traitées par les logiciels Excel et SPSS et les résultats comparatifs ont été estimés par le test de khi-deux avec un niveau de signification de p<5%. Résultats : L'étude a été réalisée auprès de 165 joueurs (appartenant à 14 clubs), 27 arbitres et 13 entraîneurs. Les résultats révèlent une consommation accrue des BE (63,90%) qui commence après le début du parcours sportif (50,38%), notamment par les jeunes joueurs et arbitres, croyant aux vertus attribuées à ces boissons, comme l'amélioration des performances, négligeant les effets potentiels sur la santé. Presque tous les enquêtés affirment connaître ces breuvages (97%), et pourtant seuls 22% connaissent leur composition, uniquement 27% font la distinction entre ces derniers et les boissons énergétiques, 16% les trouvent bonnes pour la santé et 59% pensent qu'elles améliorent les performances physiques. Conclusion : Des mesures de prévention et une réglementation spécifiques aux BE doivent être profondément étudiées et mises en place.

Introduction and objective: Energy drinks are becoming increasingly popular in Algeria and elsewhere in the world. They are particularly consumed by athletes who often confuse them with "sport drinks". This study aims to assess the knowledge and consumption habits of energy drinks in a football environment. Methods: we realized a cross-sectional survey via questionnaire among professionals and amateurs of football because the latter occupies a prominent place compared to other sports. The data were handled by Excel and SPSS softwares and the comparative results were estimated by the Chi-square test with a significance level of p < 5%. Results: The study included 165 players - belonging to 14 clubs-, 27 referees and 13 coaches. Results indicate increased consumption of these drinks (63.90%) wich starts after beginning the Sports activities (50.38%), in particular by the young players and referees, believing in the virtues attributed to these beverages, such as improving performance, neglecting the potential health effects. Almost all of the investigated claim to know energy drinks (97%), and nevertheless only 22% know their composition, only 27% make the distinction between these beverages and the sport drinks, 16% find them good for the health and 59% thinks that they improve the physical performance. Conclusion: Prevention measures and regulations specific in energy drinks must be deeply studied and put in place.

[How to promote the construction of knowledge in intensive care?] / Valoriser la construction des savoirs en réanimation.

The nursing profession is based on the acquisition of knowledge and skills. The rapid evolution of scientific knowledge requires regular updating of knowledge in order to base practice on solid and reliable data. The intensive care nurses point out the lack of adequacy between the initial training and the reality of daily life, which is sometimes a source of deviation from good practices. In intensive care, a field where care techniques evolve very rapidly, nurses must be able to update their knowledge and participate in the construction of new knowledge.

The landscapes of minus. Hatred, adolescence and the paradoxes of growth.

This paper explores Bion's theory of links, L, H, K (Love, Hate and Knowledge) and their minus counterparts, -L, -H, -K, which are not conceivable as simply opposite to or as a lack of L, H, K. Rather, they correspond to a way of experiencing Love, Hatred and Knowledge in terms of absoluteness, and in terms of a radical impossibility of acknowledging loss, relativeness and absence. The theory of links is also examined in its evolution towards the conceptualization of three types of container/contained configurations (commensal, symbiotic and parasitic). These Bionian models are compared and referred to the way Jung articulates the coexistence of 'good' and 'evil', and the paradoxical nature of mental functioning in relation to the individuation process. The images taken from the Rosarium Philosophorum, particularly the Fons Mercurialis, examined by Jung in 'The psychology of the transference' (1946), are explored in the paper. Theory is examined with a particular focus on the adolescent mind and its dramatic phenomenology. Two excerpts taken from the analytic work with a mid-adolescent female patient and a late-adolescent male patient are presented to describe minus-Hate as a form of absolute love, and minus-Love as a form of absolute hatred.

Cet article explore la théorie Bionienne des liens, A, H, C (Amour, Haine, Connaissance) et de leurs contreparties, -A, -H, -C, qui ne sont pas concevables simplement comme l'opposé de, ou le manque de A, H ou C. Elles correspondent plutôt à une manière de faire l'expérience d'Amour, Haine et Connaissance en termes d'absolus, et en termes d'une impossibilité radicale d'admettre la perte, l'aspect relatif des choses, et l'absence. La théorie des liens est également étudiée dans son évolution vers la conceptualisation de trois types de configurations « contenant/contenu ¼ (commensal, symbiotique et parasitique). Ces modèles Bioniens sont comparés et mis en rapport avec la manière dont Jung articule la coexistence du « bien ¼ et du « mal ¼, et la nature paradoxale du fonctionnement mental en relation avec le processus d'individuation. Les images du Rosarium Philosophorum, et particulièrement celle de Fons Mercurialis, que Jung étudie dans « La psychologie du transfert ¼ (1946), sont explorées dans cet article. La théorie est étudiée avec un accent particulier sur l'esprit adolescent et sa phénoménologie spectaculaire. Avec deux passages d'un travail analytique, l'un avec une patiente au milieu de l'adolescence, et l'autre avec un patient en fin d'adolescence, je décris moins-Haine comme une forme d'amour absolu, et moins-Amour comme une forme de haine absolue.

El presente trabajo explora la teoría de los vínculos de Bion, L,H,K (Amor, Odio y Conocimiento) y sus contrapartidas negativas, -L, -H, -K, las cuales no son concebidas como simples oposiciones de, o como ausencia de L,H,K. Sino que corresponden a un modo de experimentar Amor, Odio y Conocimiento en términos absolutos, y en términos de la imposibilidad radical de considerar la pérdida, la relatividad y la ausencia. La teoría de los vínculos es examinada a partir de su evolución hacia la conceptualización de tres tipos de configuraciones contenedor/contenido (comensal, simbiótico y parasitario). Estos modelos Bionianos son comparados en referencia al modo en el que Jung articula la coexistencia del 'bien' y el 'mal', y la naturaleza paradójica del funcionamiento mental con relación al proceso de individuación. Se exploran, las imágenes tomadas del Rosarium Philosophorum, particularmente, la Fons Mercurialis, descripta por Jung en 'La Psicología de la Transferencia' (1946). La teoría es explorada con el foco particular en la mente adolescente y su dramática fenomenología. Se presentan dos fragmentos tomados del trabajo analítico con una paciente en su adolescencia media, y con un paciente en su adolescencia tardía, para describir el negativo-del-Odio como forma de amor absoluto, y el negativo-del-Amor como forma de odio absoluto.

Making sense of the subjective experience of others / A apreensão da experiência subjetiva de outros / Lappréhension de lexpérience subjective dautrui / La aprehensión de la experiencia subjetiva de otros

In this article, we address some conceptual issues that are logically prior to the constitution of any psychopathology. We explore ontological and epistemological aspects of subjective experience, rejecting both Cartesianism and behaviorism, and favoring the Wittgensteinian notion of criterial support instead. Then, we discuss the disanalogy between knowledge of other minds and our knowledge of anything else. Based on the arguments by Eilan's that the "communication claim" should replace the "observation claim," we defend that there is a kind of knowledge that is irreducibly founded on intersubjectivity (that is, knowledge of persons is knowledge for two) and point out to implications it may have for psychopathology.

Neste artigo, abordamos algumas questões conceituais logicamente anteriores à constituição de qualquer forma de psicopatologia. Exploramos, ontológica e epistemologicamente, aspectos da experiência subjetiva, e rejeitamos tanto o cartesianismo quanto o behaviorismo em favor da noção wittgensteiniana de apoio criterial. Assim, discutimos a dessemelhança entre o conhecimento de outras mentes e o conhecimento de qualquer outra coisa. Baseados nos argumentos fornecidos por Eilan, segundo os quais o "modelo da comunicação" deve substituir o "modelo da observação", defendemos que há um tipo de conhecimento que é irredutivelmente fundado na intersubjetividade (isto é, o conhecimento de pessoas é conhecimento a dois) e apontamos as implicações que isso pode ter para a psicopatologia..

Dans cet article, nous abordons quelques questions conceptuelles qui précèdent logiquement la constitution de toute forme de psychopathologie. Nous explorons les aspects ontologiques et épistémologiques de l'expérience subjective en détriment du cartésianisme et du behaviorisme, nous privilégions la notion wittgensteinienne de soutien critériel. Ainsi, nous discutons la disanalogie entre la connaissance des autres esprits et notre connaissance de toute autre chose. Sur la base des arguments proposés par Eilan, selon lesquels le « modèle de communication ¼ devrait remplacer le « modèle d'observation ¼, nous défendons qu'il existe un type de connaissance irréductiblement fondé sur l'intersubjectivité (c'est-à-dire que la connaissance des personnes est une connaissance partagée) et soulignons les implications que cela peut avoir pour la psychopathologie.

En este artículo, abordamos algunas cuestiones conceptuales lógicamente previas a la constitución de cualquier forma de psicopatología. Exploramos ontológica y epistemológicamente aspectos de la experiencia subjetiva, rechazando tanto al Cartesianismo como al conductismo (behaviorismo), favoreciendo, en cambio, a la noción wittigensteiniana de apoyo de criterio. Así, discutimos la desanalogía entre el conocimiento de otras mentes y el conocimiento de cualquier otra cosa. Basándonos en los argumentos proporcionados por Eilan, según los cuales el "modelo de comunicación" debe sustituir al "modelo de la observación", defendemos que hay un tipo de conocimiento que es irreductiblemente fundado en la intersubjetividad (es decir, el conocimiento de personas es conocimiento para dos) y señalamos las implicaciones que eso puede tener para la psicopatología.

Examining students' intention to perform voluntary blood donation using a theory of planned behaviour: A structural equation modelling approach.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine the behavioural intention of students to make voluntary blood donations. Moreover, it uses a theory of planned behaviour as its guiding principle and does so within the context of Malaysia, a developing nation. METHODS: Data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire from a sample of 500 students at a public higher learning institution in Malaysia. Structural equation modelling approach (SEM) was performed to assess the strength of the hypothesized relationships of the proposed model simultaneously via the two-stage model-building process. RESULTS: The SEM approach revealed that knowledge was the most influential predictor of students' intention to make a voluntary blood donation. With the knowledge that the more blood they donate, the more lives will be saved, the inclination to donate blood is intensifying among students. Moreover, all of the TPB constructs applied were also seen to significantly influence students' response to voluntary blood donation. CONCLUSIONS: The nexus of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, and knowledge about students' intention to perform voluntary blood donation are evidenced in a developing nation. The implications of the study and directions for future research are provided.